ABSTRACT The objective, in this research, was to evaluate the agricultural productivity and the financial performance of levels of irrigation in the cassava. For this, experiment was carried out, under a randomized block design, with six irrigation levels, as a function of crop evapotranspiration (L0 = 0% (rainfed), L1 = 40%, L2 = 80%, L3 = 120%, L4 = 160% and L5 = 200% of ETC) and four repetitions. Was evaluated: length and mass of roots, productivity of maximum physical and economic efficiency of roots and productivity of the aerial part. The irrigation level L5 or total useful water of 1,023 mm, got greatest productivity of the aerial part, 57 Mg ha-1. With a total useful water of 926 mm, this irrigation level, generated the greatest length and mass of roots per plant and the maximum physical productivity, 94 Mg ha-1. As well as the root yield of maximum economic efficiency, which is achieved with a total usable water, 914 mm. Among the irrigation levels studied, L3 (963 mm) is the one that provides the greatest productivity of roots, 90 Mg ha-1, and gross revenue 167% higher than in areas cultivated under rainfed conditions. Therefore, irrigation of cassava is economically viable.

Abstract Phenological information contribute to silvicultural actions and conservation strategies. Here, we carried out the phenological monitoring of six tree species that were prominent in the structure of an open ombrophilous forest fragment in northeastern Brazil. Over two years, among September 2015 and August 2017, eight individuals of each species (48 trees in total) were visited every two weeks to record the reproductive and leaf phenophases, following the Fournier intensity scale. We calculated the intraspecific synchrony of the phenophases and the correlation of the phenophases of each species with meteorological variables (temperature, air precipitation and photoperiod). The species showed synchronous characteristics for the phenophases. Precipitation stood out in terms of a higher frequency of significant relationships with the reproductive phenophases. The results indicates that the end of the dry season is the most favorable period for seed collection and the monitoring of dispersers in this type of tropical forest.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to evaluate the physiological and productive aspects of irrigated cassava crop. The statistical design used was randomised blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The used treatments were irrigation levels, based on the crop evapotranspiration – ETC – (L0 = 0% [rainfed], L1 = 40%, L2 = 80%, L3 = 120%, L4 = 160% and L5 = 200% of the ETC) and the analysed physiological variables were: gas exchange, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index. The growth and crop productivity were also evaluated through of the leaf area index (LAI), the number and productivity of commercial roots and total biomass. In this research, the total irrigation depth was defined as the irrigation depth plus the effective rainfall. The estimated ETC was 1,030 mm over the 12-month production cycle and the greatest value for LAI and SPAD were 7.6 and 57.4, respectively, obtained in irrigated areas with the level of 80% of the ETC. While, in the areas irrigated with 120% of the ETC, were obtained the highest values of root productivity (93 Mg·ha–1), total biomass yield (149 Mg·ha–1) and photosynthetic rate (22.4 μmol CO2·m–2·s–1). On the other hand, with irrigation equivalent at 200% of the ETC were obtained the greatest values of internal CO2 concentration (245 μmol CO2·m–2·s–1), stomatal conductance (0.35 μmol H2O·m–2·s–1) and effective quantum efficiency (0.68).

SUMMARY: In order to perform local anaesthetic blockade of the mental nerves, it is fundamentally to determine anatomical references, including the precise identification of the mental foramina; however, the literature does not present specific data on such structures in the Hoary Fox. Therefore, the objective was describing the morphometry of the mental foramina of this specie, in order to correlate its topographies with the mandibular anatomical reference points, supporting the effective technique for mental desensitization. For this purpose, four mandibles of adult bodies of Lycalopex vetulus were used. Bilaterally, three mental foramina were observed located on the rostral third of the lateral margin of the mandibular body. One of them is more caudal, positioned ventrally to the lower third premolar tooth; a medium one, is located ventrally to the lower first premolar tooth; and a rostral one, placed ventrally to the lower intermediate incisor tooth. There were no statistically significant differences between the antimeres. Therefore, it is indicated that the local anaesthetic block of the mental nerves in this species should be performed by inserting the needle approximately 4.4 mm in a ventrodorsal direction. It is necessary positioning it perpendicularly to the ventral margin of the mandibular body and juxtaposed to its lateral face, using as anatomical reference the interalveolar space located between the first two lower premolar teeth. Thus, that the point established for anaesthetic injection (caudal limit of the ventral margin of the middle mental foramen), provides greater safety for its realization since, for small animals, the recommendation for blockade is represented by needle penetration on the direction of emergence of the mental nerve and artery from this foramen, which makes these structures more exposed to iatrogenic lesions resulting from the technique.

RESUMEN: Para realizar el bloqueo anestésico local de los nervios mentales, es fundamental determinar referencias anatómicas, incluida la identificación precisa de los forámenes mentales; sin embargo, la literatura no presenta datos específicos referente a estas estructuras en el zorro de campo común. Por lo tanto, el objetivo fue describir la morfometría de los forámenes mentales de esta especie, para correlacionar sus topografías con los puntos de referencia anatómicos mandibulares, apoyando la técnica efectiva para la desensibilización mental. Para este propósito, se utilizaron cuatro mandíbulas de Lycalopex vetulus adultos. Bilateralmente, se observaron tres resistencias mentales ubicadas en el tercio rostral del margen lateral del cuerpo mandibular. Uno de ellos es más caudal, posicionado ventralmente hacia el tercer diente premolar inferior; uno mediano, localizado ventralmente hacia el primer diente premolar inferior; y uno rostral, colocado ventralmente al diente incisivo intermedio inferior. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los antímeros. Por lo tanto, el bloqueo anestésico local de los nervios mentales en esta especie debe realizarse insertando la aguja aproximadamente 4,4 mm en dirección ventrodorsal. Es necesario colocar ésta perpendicularmente al margen ventral del cuerpo mandibular y yuxtapuesto a su cara lateral, utilizando como referencia anatómica, el espacio interalveolar ubicado entre los dos primeros dientes premolares inferiores. De este modo, el punto establecido para la inyección de anestesia (límite caudal del margen ventral del foramen mental medio), proporciona una mayor seguridad para su realización ya que, para los animales pequeños, la recomendación de bloqueo está representada por la penetración de la aguja en la dirección de emergencia del nervio mental y la arteria de este foramen, lo que hace que estas estructuras estén más expuestas a las lesiones iatrogénicas resultantes de la técnica.

RESUMO: A determinação da evapotranspiração real da cultura (ETa) é importante para o manejo da irrigação. Os principais métodos e modelos físicos de estimativa da ETa requerem dados que não são facilmente disponíveis. Neste trabalho, obteve-se o coeficiente da cultura (Kc) da laranja lima na fase inicial de desenvolvimento e avaliou-se o desempenho do modelo semi-empírico de Poulovassilis acoplado a um balanço hídrico simplificado na estimativa da ETa. A ETa (medida) foi obtida a partir da variação temporal do conteúdo de água no solo, obtida através da reflectometria no domínio do tempo (TDR). O modelo de POULOVASSILIS et al. (2001) assume que a redução da evapotranspiração da cultura é expressa por uma função exponencial do armazenamento de água do solo e por um coeficiente de ajuste empírico (ca). O armazenamento de água do solo foi obtido através do balanço hídrico (BH), diário e decendial, contabilizando as entradas e saídas de água do sistema. O parâmetro empírico ca foi obtido por modelagem inversa. O valor ótimo de ca obtido por modelagem inversa 0,05 para o BH diário e 0,03 para o BH decendial. O modelo apresentou melhor desempenho para o BH diário, comparável a outros modelos de estimativa da ETa. O Kc médio para fase inicial da laranja lima foi igual a 0,85.

ABSTRACT: Determining actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa) is paramount for irrigation management. The principal measurement methods and physical models generally require crop and weather data that are not readily available. We determined the crop coefficient (Kc) of sweet oranges during the initial development stage and evaluated the performance of the Poulovassilis semi-empirical model coupled with a simple soil water balance for estimating the ETa. The ETa was inferred from the variation in the soil water content over time, measured by time-domain reflectometry. In the Poulovassilis model, the ETa is obtained by multiplying the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) by an adjustment coefficient (ca), which accounts for a reduction in the evapotranspiration caused by soil water depletion. Soil water storage was obtained using the daily and 10-day soil water balances, computed by considering inputs and outputs of water from the system. The empirical parameter, ca, was determined using inverse modeling. The optimal ca value obtained through inverse modeling was 0.05 and 0.03 for the daily and 10-day soil water balances, respectively. The model performed better for the daily soil water balance than the 10-day balance, with performance comparable with the other ETa models. Average Kc during the sweet orange initial crop stage was 0.85.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar padrões de crescimento e de produção de variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) com os graus-dias e disponibilidade hídrica, durante os cultivos de cana-planta e cana-soca, na região dos Tabuleiros Costeiros Alagoano. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental de Agrometeorologia da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo-AL, num solo classificado como Latossolo Amarelo coeso argissólico. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos cazualizados com cinco repetições e quatro tratamentos: variedades RB92579, RB931530, RB93509 e SP79-1011. As variáveis da cultura utilizadas foram: perfilhamento, altura da planta, índice de área foliar (IAF), acúmulo de matéria seca no colmo e produção final. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as médias de perfilhamento das variedades em todas as épocas amostradas, de forma geral o maior perfilhamento foi observado na variedade RB92579. O crescimento das plantas apresentou curvas de formato sigmoidal, com três fases distintas. Na fase de estabelecimento da cultura, apesar de ter ocorrido ótima disponibilidade hídrica, o crescimento foi lento. Na fase de crescimento vegetativo as plantas não cresceram em potencial, porque houve deficiências hídricas. A fase final ocorreu entre 1500 e 2015 GD na cana-planta e 950 e 1800 GD na cana-soca. A variedade RB92579 alcançou valores de IAF superiores a 3, logo aos 600 GD nos dois ciclos, permanecendo o restante dos ciclos acima desse valor, contribuindo para uma melhor eficiência no uso da água e para o maior acúmulo de matéria seca.

This work had the aim of evaluating the growth standard and yield of different sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) varieties with meteorogical parameter, during the plant and ratoon crop cane in Mesas regions of Alagoas. This work was carried out in an experimental area of Agrometeorology used a randomized outline with five repetition and four treatments: varieties RB92579, RB931530, SP79-1011 e RB93509, in the Agrarian Center of University Federal of Alagoas in Northeast of Brazil, Rio Largo AL, in a United Argissolico Yellow Latossolo soil. The plant parameter utilized to measure the growth were: tillering, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), dry mater accumulation in stalk and yield sugarcane. No differences were observed among tillering media from varieties in all samplings, and in general, the variety RB92579 obtained the biggest tillering. The sugarcane growth showed sigmoidal shape curve, with three different phases. In the crop initial phase, although it occurred great water conditions the sugarcane growth was slow. In the elongation phase the sugarcane didn't grow in potential, due the occurred water deficit in this phase. The last phase occurred between 1500 e 2015 GD in plant cane and 950 e 1800 GD in ratoon crop. The variety RB92579 obtained LAI values of 3 very early (in 600 GD), this contributed to improve the water use efficient and to accumulate more dry matter. The variety RB92579 obtained the biggest tillering ant height of stalk, a result of that, it obtained the biggest yield sugarcane.